Oil and Global Warming in Saudi Arabia Essay Example for Free

crude oil and Global Warming in Saudi-Arabian-Arabian-Arabian Arabia EssayOil has been identified as a very important resource it provides a serving of significant benefits to mankind. It is pulmonary tuberculosisd for numerous purposes such as hexation, heating, electricity toil, and industrial applications. It has a gamey energy density which raises it an efficient fuel source plus the fact that it is fairly easy to transport and store. Its versatility is of vast importance, and this is proven by being by most valuable commodity in populace trade (ORourke Connolly, 2003,). According to Doyle, it is estimated that two billion dollars switch hands in vegetable oil transactions, making it the worlds premier trillion dollar industry (cited in ORourke Connolly, 2003). Oil is very profitable for corporations as substantially as for governments since embrocate taxes render a right deal of in scrape up. Oil is important for the study economic viability of Saudi Ara bia as it accounts for more than 80 percentage of total national exports. Other countries that ar dependent on the oil business argon Libya, Kuwait, Iran, and Venezuela (ORourke Connolly, 2003). environsal Effects of Oil Oil transport, refining, geographic expedition, bore, and extraction have had negative set up on the environment, precisely more oversight has recently been focused on the negative environmental impacts of the use of oil. It is widely believed that burning fossil fuels contri exactlye to global warming since degree Celsius copy dioxide, an abundant babys room shove along, is produced as oil is burned. Findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change indicate that around 3 quarters of total carbon dioxide expellings come from fossil fuel use (ORourke Connolly, 2003).To be able to fully chthonicstand the how oil use affects global warming, it is necessary to get a clear brain of the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is a natural p henomenon. Imagine a greenhouse and that is just how the greenhouse effect works. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, and ozone trap heat in that respectby slow uping its escape from the atmosphere. The dramatic increase in the release of greenhouse gases has brought about an abnormal increase in the average world temperature already estimated at around 1 percent at the turn of the century.However, without the greenhouse effect, the Earth would be too cold to get down the currently thriving ecosystems (West, 2008b). Due to the fact that oil is a widely used resource and that oil produces significant amounts of carbon dioxide as it generates roughly 30 percent more carbon dioxide from every unit of energy produced, it can be inferred that dependence on oil has extensively contributed to global warming (Barry Frank pour down, 2001, p. 362). sizeableness of Oil to Saudi Arabia In all parts of the world, oil is considered as an important resource especial ly in modern life.Any measures to reduce oil consumption were hampered by powerful opposition of certain governments and inter-governmental organizations (Barry Frankland, 2001, p. 362). Oil is itemly of great importance especially to members of Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) since it constitutes a great part of the income of member countries. Saudi Arabia is a member of the OPEC including Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.Saudi Arabia may be considered as the most important oil producer since it produces oversized amounts of oil as it accounts for 13 percent of the worlds total oil out hurl. It makes up 35 percent of the OPECs total oil production in 1991. Saudi Arabia has in any case been identified as the swing producer of oil since it has the capacity to affect the level of turn in and demand as well as affect world(prenominal) oil prices. Oil is important to Saudi Arab ian sparing as figures in 1991 pointed out that oil accounted for 73 percent of the countrys revenues.90 percent of total oil exports in 1991 come from Saudi Aramco (Country Studies). However, data from Beyond Petroleum Statistical Review of field Energy shows that despite the k promptlyledge of the implication of oil in global warming, the consumption still increasedthe 3163. 5 million tonnes consumed in 1992 jumped to 3462. 4 in 1999 (Beyond Petroleum, 2008). Carbon Dioxide and Climate Change Despite the great number of proponents pointing to global warming as a real environmental threat, Idso and Idso (2008) indicate that it is highly unbelievable that increases in carbon dioxide emissions will lead to global warming.They cited numerous arguments that would disestablish the link between the global warming and greenhouse gas emissions. They primarily indicated that there is a weak short-term correlation between carbon dioxide and temperature increase. Thus, the emissions may no t be the akinly cause of whatsoever warming that is being go through or will be experienced. Even as both temperature and carbon dioxide emissions have increased, this does not necessarily mean that the two are interrelated.To identify a clear causal relationship, the presumed cause must precede the presumed effect. Several cycles of increase and decrease must as well be present in allege to make a concrete judgment that the two factors indeed affect each other. They withal indicated that a strong negative climatic feedback will prevent any catastrophic warming from manifesting. These play a major role in the planets climate system but are totally snub by scientists lobbying for the existence of global warming.They cited numerous other factors that would disprove the existence of global warming. II. Saudi Arabia The Oil diligence The Saudi Arabia landscape is characterized by the forepart of several multi-million dollars worth of infrastructure created to support the oil pr oduction capability of the country. These infrastructures are costly investments made by different companies. The effort to contain the emission of carbon dioxide from oil manufacturing and processing sources has different impacts, particularly in economics.Another important issue concerns taxes and duties on oil products consumed in oil-importing countries as well as environmental taxes and duties on emissions of carbon dioxide, aimed at curbing oil demand and potentially harming oil exporters revenues (Noreng, 2006, p. 16). Oil production felt a decline. In 2002, day-to-day oil production in Saudi Arabia was 8,928 thousand put, and this steadily climbed to 11,114 thousand barrels in 2005. However, this dropped to 10,853 and 10,413 thousand barrels in 2006 and 2007, respectively.Last year, Saudi Arabias total oil output dropped by 440,000 barrels per day and is the largest decline in the world last year. In addition, the whole of the Middle East produced 25,176 thousand barrels daily in 2007. The Middle East is also the worlds largest oil producer and holds the highest share in the worlds stay oil reserves at 21. 3 percent with 264. 2 thousand million barrels. In measuring oil consumption, Saudi Arabia does not consume as much with 2,154 thousand barrels daily. The United States is the largest oil consumer with a consumption rate 20,698 thousand barrels per day (Beyond Petroleum BP, 2008).Saudi Aramco and the Environment Saudi Aramco or Arabian-American Oil Company, which is based in Saudi Arabia, is the world largest oil company. It produces the most quantity of oil and also leads the count with its oil reserves. It has 102 oil and gas fields within its grasp as of the middle part of 2007. Its oil reserves amount to 259. 9 billion barrels and it produces 8. 9 million barrels per day. Its oil exports for the year 2006 amount to 2,541,692,569 barrels (Country Studies, 2008). Saudi Aramco has unveiled that it would help fight global warming through cutting c arbon dioxide emission in the oil and gas business.Experts indicated that persuading Saudi Aramco to fight against global warming is a big step forward since it is the worlds largest oil producer. Saudi Aramco chairwoman and Chief Executive Officer Abdallah Jumah told a panel from 163 nations in a meeting in Germany about expanding the Kyoto Protocol that the petroleum industry should actively bring in policy debate on climate change as well as play an active role in developing and implementing carbon management technologies (Hammond, 2006, n. p. ). He clearly indicated that national oil players such as Saudi Aramco can make great contributions in forwarding anti-climate change efforts.During the meeting, Robert Socolow from Princeton University also indicated that 40 percent of the increase in carbon dioxide emissions comes from the oil industry. He also indicated that the oil industry is the major cause of global warming. Aramco officials also verbalize that research and growth effort have already leaned towards removing or diminution carbon dioxide omissions coming from oil (Hammond, 2006). Saudi Aramco has expressed that it cares for the environment such that it has an Environment Protection Department that provides leadership on environmental issues and its operations are always environmentally responsible.Saudi Aramco considers the environment as a basic office and a company commitment. The company has substantial a mannikin of operational requirement that give consideration to environmental impacts such as sanitary codes, switch environmental assessments, air and water quality standards, occupational health regulations, hazardous material communication guidelines, waste management procedures, and vital oil vomit incident plans (Saudi Aramco, 2008). The Environmental Impacts of Oil Oil has always been an environmental issue.From searching for oil, refining it and until its usage, it is always regarded as an environmental threat. Oil exploration and drilling are the scratch line phases in the oil life cycle. It is also referred to as the upstream phase (ORourke Connolly, 2003, p. 593). Drilling and extracting oil affect the natural ecosystems, human health, as well as local cultures. It does not matter if the drilling is on-shore or off-shore the effects are just the same. The physical modifications in the environment caused by oil exploration, drilling, and extraction are so devastating that they could be more harmful than a large oil downfall.The more devastating effects of these are deforestation, ecosystem destruction, chemical contamination of land and water, long-term harm to animal populations (particularly to migratory birds and marine mammals), human health, safety risks for neighboring communities and oil industry workers, and displacement of indigenous communities (ORourke Connolly, 2003, p. 593-594). Oil exploration requires bowed down(p) equipment, and moving these equipment results in deforestation and e rosion. Mobile rigs used for temporary drillings can reach weights of over two million pounds.On the other hand, drillings make use of large amounts of water and also contaminate it in the process. It is released afterwards which leads to the contamination of land. Exploration and extraction have also been known to produce large volumes of drilling wastes and associated wastes. In addition, oil processes make use of a waste pit where chemicals and other wastes from the oil process are being dumped. Exposure of these oil pits is a threat to aquifers as well as to animals and birds. They can mistake the pits for water holes, therefore engorging themselves in chemical waste.Exploration, drilling, and extraction also lead to a variety of health risks for creation. These risks may arise from radioactive materials that have surfaced from drilling as well as the bioaccumulation of oil, mercury, and other hazardous elements in animals that are consumed by humans (ORourke Connolly, 2003). Oil discharge Threat In order for oil to be delivered to different parts of the world, oil transport is necessary, and the main mode of oil transport is through oil tankers. However, moving oil using pipelines is becoming vastly popular.Oil currently accounts for half of all sea cargo and oil pipelines now spread more compared to railroads. Oil transport has also led to an environmental threat known as oil spills. Large oil spills receive much attention particularly because of media coverage however, small cumulative spills go undocumented and measuring the amount of oil spillage from these proves to be significant. Accidents have been known to go through at all segments of transport as well as at each point of transfer. Also, since the 1960s, at least one large-scale oil spill has been documented every year (ORourke Connolly, 2003).Ocean transport of crude oil and petroleum products accounted for 3,000 gallons spilled per billion ton-miles in 1983 and nearly 8,000 gallons per bi llion ton-miles in 1984. Pipeline spills contributed less(prenominal) than 100 gallons per billion ton-miles for both years. (ORourke Connolly, 2003, p. 599) Oil spills have also been known to occur during extractions. A 2002 estimate by the National Academy of Sciences indicated that 38,000 tons of petroleum hydrocarbons from oil and gas operations were released into the worlds oceans (ORourke Connolly, 2003, p.595). Saudi Aramco Oil Spill Contingency Plan Saudi Aramco has always been responsible in intervention oil spills such that it has developed a contingency plan against to help counter oil spills. Saudi Aramcos first focus on manipulation oil spills is being self-sufficient. It built specialized oil spill recovery and containment vessels, and purchased equipment and materials to combat spills (Zaindin, 1996, p. 2). In 1989, it even designated a committee to review and assess the anti-oil spill capabilities of the company.The task force made recommendations which were call ed the Global Oil Spill Contingency Plan which (1) established an oil spill policy for the companys worldwide operations, (2) directed Saudi Aramco and its affiliates to bond major cooperatives and assigned regional responsibility for oil spills and (3) required the development, implementation, and maintenance of regional and owned tanker oil spill plans (Zaindin, 1996, p. 2-3). Saudi Aramco has also established an Oil Spill Committee in 1990 and this committee instituted a policy for the prevention and cleanup of oil spills resulting from the companys operations.The Global Oil Spill Coordination Group was created to put into action and coordinate company activities that address the oil spills. If an oil spill takes place, a Regional Oil Spill Coordinator cleans the oil spill with the aid of an Oil Spill Response Team. The director takes care of the spill and is responsible for safe and efficient control, cleanup operations, disposal, restoration, as well as documentation processes . The response team up is always ready as they receive special regular trainings (Zaindin, 1996, p. 3-4).Equipment that could effectively handle small to medium-sized oil spills have been stationed at the vicinity of the Red ocean and in case of any large oil spills, additional resources will be brought to immediately address the threat. Saudi Aramco has also inked ties with organizations that provide cooperative assist in case of oil spill, namely, the Oil Spill Response (OSR) Ltd. based in England, Clean Caribbean Cooperative (CCC), Marine Preservation Association (MPA), Marine Industry Repsonse Group (MIRG), and the Gulf Area Oil Companies Mutual Aid Organization (GAOCMAO) (Zaindin, 1996, p.4). III. Involvement Saudi Arabia and Japan Saudi Arabia has been involved in a lot of international treaties. One of these treaties was signed with Japan when both countries, among other things, acknowledged the importance of the stability of the world oil market as well as the importance o f adopting security measures against global warming (Ministry of Foreign personal business of Japan, 2007). some(prenominal) sides reaffirmed the importance of the stability of the world oil market.The Japanese side expressed its savvy and understanding for the Saudi Arabias balanced oil policy, which is a secure and reliable source for providing oil supplies to the international markets in general, and to the Japanese market in particulardarn stressing the significance to just promote bilateral cooperation in energy, based upon mutually complementary relationship between Saudi Arabia, with its largest hydrocarbon resource in the world, and Japan, with its modern energy-related technologies.The Saudi side expressed its intention to continue to assure stable oil supply to Japan, and the Japanese side expressed its appreciation for this (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 2007). Both sides also decided that the international community should adopt appropriate measures against a possible global warming, based on the principle of common but severalize responsibilities as utter in the international agreements on climate change.In this regard, the Japanese side expressed its willingness to develop its cooperation in both levels of government and closed-door sectors to promote the clean development mechanism (CDM) that contributes to combating the possible global warming as well as achieving sustainable developments in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Both sides reaffirmed the importance of the roles of the private sectors in both countries for promoting CDM projects (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 2007). Saudi Arabia should use the power of the law, as well as submit to the rule of international law, in order for efforts versus global warming to be successful.Law plays an important role in environmental protection at both the international and the national levels (Chopra, Leemans, Kumar, 2005, p. 41). However, a drawback to this concept is the fact th at Saudi Arabia itself shows signs of not being fully amenable to the stipulations of several international agreements and international laws on global warming. Some OPEC countries (e. g. Saudi Arabia and Kuwait) also opposed the FCCC (Framework Convention on Climate Change) for fear of its potential impact on the price of crude oil (Alexander Fairbridge, 1999, p.637). The Clean Air turn and Addressing Global Warming The Clean Air Act is a law that has been passed by some countries in a hope to control air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Numerous developed countries such as the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom have adopted such laws and even some third gear world countries have done so. Saudi Arabia has yet to adopt such a law. In the United States, the Clean Air Act is a federal law which means that its coverage spans the whole country and it has been an effective tool in regulating greenhouse gas emissions.The Environment Protection Agency (EPA) plays a c rucial role in regulating processes regarding the law such as setting limits on certain air pollutants. The Clean Air Act which resulted in decreased air pollution has improved human health as well as the status of the environment. Since 1970, the six common air pollutants have been reduced to 50 percent while air toxics from large industries including oil refineries have been reduced by 70 percent. Additionally, new cars are 90 percent speckless and are expected to be a lot cleaner in the future. Ozone depleting chemicals such as CFCs have also ceased production.This all happened while the economy prospered and energy and vehicle use increased (EPA, 2008). The same benefits could possibly be reaped if Saudi Arabia would adopt the same policies. The 2007 Climate Change Per orchestrateance indicator indicated that Saudi Arabia is at the bottom of the list when it comes to addressing global warming followed by the United States, China and Malaysia. Sweden, Britain and Denmark were identified as the countries that have been doing the most to prevent further global warming. Nevertheless, the report indicated that what Sweden, Britain and Denmark are doing are not enough to prevent further climate change. IV.Organizations Different organizations and alliances take part in addressing global warming, like the Kyoto Protocol and the WTO. While Saudi Arabia is an active international player, it is not always in agreement with the rest of the group. Referring to the act of non compliance to the Protocols instituted policies, Grosse (2005) stated that Saudi Arabia has been among the non-Annex I countries that have been particular to the Protocol (p. 155). The issue of subsidies favoring the coal, nuclear renewables sector has been raised by Saudi Arabia in the WTOs Committee on merchandise and Environment, according to Yamin and Depledge (2004, p.256), in reaction to the WTO policies. The Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol is one doctrine that binds nations that have ratified it to help fight against global warming by reducing their emissions of six greenhouse gases, namely, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, HFCs and PFCs. It was instituted in Kyoto, Japan on December 1997 and was opened for ratification on March 16 of the succeeding year. The main goal of the Kyoto Protocol is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 5. 2 percent below the 1990 greenhouse gas emission levels from 2008 to 2012.Countries that have bound themselves to the protocol must adopt certain policies and strategies in order to meet the specified emission targets. However, the protocol has been subject to a lot of debate because it exempts developing countries, such as China and India as well as Saudi Arabia, from having emissions cuts. The United States refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol because of the exemption of the developing countries. US President George W. Bush also stated that they will not sign the protocol because it does not bind develo ping countries and that it would be harmful to the US economy (West, 2008a).Late in 2004, the government of Saudi Arabia has approved of the Kyoto Protocol, but being a developing country, Saudi Arabia is not bound to adopt any cuts on greenhouse emissions although it is expected that the Saudi Arabian government will fall back huge financial losses as the developed countries approve the protocol. According to Saudi Oil Minister Ali al-Naimi, the government will have accumulated losses amounting to $19 billion by 2010 because of the policies that the developed nations will adopt in order to reduce their emissions to meet the specified targets (Planet Ark, 2004).Carbon Capture and terminal Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is one approach that scientists are looking at which could belike help mitigate global warming. It has been regarded that CCS will reduce the costs associated with mitigating climate change as well as provide flexibility in attaining greenhouse gas reduction goal s. CCS makes use of new technology. It collects and concentrates the carbon dioxide produced in industrial and energy related sources and transports it to a storage location where it will be unbroken away from the atmosphere.This would allow the use of fossil fuels such as oil with a minimum level of greenhouse emissions (Metz, Davidson, de Coninck, Loos, Meyer, 2005). Geological storage is one line of CCS. It is done by injecting carbon dioxide in dense form into rock formations underground. Porous rock formations have great potential in storing carbon dioxide. such(prenominal) rock formations may include those that previously hold oil and natural gas. This kind of carbon storage is already being used in three industrial sites, namely, the Sleipnir Project in the North Sea, the Weyburn Project in Canada and the In Salah Project based in Nigeria.Moreover, 30 megatons of carbon dioxide per year is injected for enhance Oil Recovery (EOR). This is mostly in Texas and the United Stat es. This system of carbon capture and storage makes use of almost the same technology used for the exploration and production of gas (Metz, et al. , 2005). Geological storage may however be associated with some risks. Leakage from stored carbon dioxide may provide certain risks which are categorize as either global risks or local risks. Global risk is identified as the release of carbon dioxide which will have significant effects on global warming.On the other hand, carbon dioxide leakage may also expose humans, ecosystems and groundwater to certain risks. These are the local risks (Metz, et al. , 2005). Annex 1 shows an overview of geological storage. Annex 1 Overview of Geological Storage Another type of carbon storage is ocean storage. It is done by injecting captured carbon dioxide at depths of greater than 1,000 m. under the ocean. This would isolate the carbon dioxide from the atmosphere for centuries. Consequently, the stored carbon dioxide will become part of the global ca rbon cycle.However, just like geological storage, ocean storage also has certain risks such that it can cause a great deal of harm. Studies have indicated that animals have been found with reduced rates of calcification, reproduction, growth, circulatory oxygen supply and mobility, and even an increased mortality rate. Annex 2 shows detailed information on Ocean Storage (Metz, et al. , 2005). Annex 2 Overview of Ocean Storage mineral carbonation and industrial use is yet another form of carbon capture and storage.Mineral carbonation makes use of converting carbon dioxide into solid inorganic carbonates through some form of chemical reaction. Mineral carbonation is actually a natural earthly process called weathering but human intervention needs to hasten this process since it is too slow to become a viable carbon storage system. Industrial use involves using carbon dioxide directly or as a feedstock for production of divers(a) carbon-containing chemicals (IPCC, __, p. 39). Industri al use makes use of chemical and biological processes wherein carbon dioxide is utilized as a reactant.The industrial use of carbon dioxide can help keep up carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere by instead diverting it into a carbon chemical pool, but this measure will only be of great benefit to preventing climate change if there is a significant amount of carbon dioxide taken away from the atmosphere. Refer to Annex 3 for more detailed information (Metz, et al. , 2005). Annex 3 Mineral Carbonation and Industrial Use Saudi Arabia and the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) have expressed support with the development of this technology. Norway also demonstrated great interest with Carbon Capture and Storage technology.Norwegian Oil and Energy Minister Aaslaug Haga has requested the support of the Saudi Arabian government in the development of CCS to which Saudi Oil Minister Ali al-Naimi responded eagerly. Dagens Naeringsliv quoted al Naimi saying that both Saudi Ara bia and Norway are concerned about the environment and want to reduce emissions with all possible means. CO2 capture and storage is an excellent way to reduce emissions (Acher, 2008, n. p. ). These countries want carbon capture technology included in the Clean Development Mechanism so that industrialized countries can cooperate to help advance this technology (Acher, 2008).According to the European Technology Platform on Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants, it is the lack of funding which impales research on carbon capture which then limits its potential (Kanter, 2008). The King of Saudi Arabia announced that the Saudi Arabian government will shell out 300 million USD for research on climate change, and this includes Carbon Capture and Storage technology. Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates also made an assurance that each of them will be giving $150 million each tom support the Saudi Arabian endeavor (OPEC, 2007).Saudi Arabia shelling out that huge an amount of money fo r climate change research would indicate that the kingdom is now giving attention to climate change. The World Trade Organization Saudi Arabia is now also a part of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and has recently signed a bilateral trade agreement with the United States. The trade agreement came at a good time since Saudi Arabian imports have experienced a decline. The WTO has become a sign of respect and acceptance for Saudi Arabia particularly because it is the only GCC country and the largest oil producer (Zahid, 2005).Saudi Arabia initially did not conjoin GATT, the WTOs predecessor global trade agreement because oil, its sole export at the time, was not part of GATT (still not part of WTO). Later, as the Kingdom developed its downstream oil and petrochemical capacity, joining WTO became a key imperative in order to protect its exports from inordinate tariffs by mature, high-cost producer countries. (Zahid, 2005) For new aspirants at the WTO, rules may be harsh such that th ey will need to sign bilateral agreements with any member country that requests it, and the terms will have to be extensive to other member countries.Afterwards, a multilateral agreement should be inked with all member countries before being admitted into the WTO (Zahid, 2005). According to Zahid, the WTO had some negative impacts on Saudi Arabia but the WTO may be likened to a medicine. It is painful to swallow but it eventually makes you better (Zahid, 2005, n. p. ). In the short term, the WTO will hurt Saudi Arabia, but in the long run, the Saudi Arabian economy will prosper because of the WTO such that there will be increased transparency, protection of copyrights, rule of law, and strange investment.Saudi Arabias exports will also have access to WTO member countries (Zahid, 2005). The full impact of WTO will be a long and unfolding tier for the country. We still need to know the details of the final agreement. WTO has given other countries long implementation periods and man y exceptions. Also, we have to see what the final Saudi cover is in terms of tariffs, sectors, binding rates, etc. With this report, we start a series on what the WTO means for Saudi Arabia. (Zahid, 2005) On one point of view, it is regarded that the WTO can carry out better greenhouse gas reductions compared to the Kyoto Protocol.Peter Franklin of the Guardian proposes the Negotiation of a successor to Kyoto and then let the WTO enforce it. Nations that failed to meet their carbon targets would have a proportionate tariff slapped on their imports. Such a system could even be used to deal with countries that refused to sign up to the new agreement. The WTO would unilaterally impose a target on each non-signatory nation, with their excess carbon emissions and consequent penalties being assessed in absentia.The export-led economies of China, India and other key Kyoto absentees would be particularly susceptible to such insisting (Franklin, 2006). The Kyoto Protocol has no fangs and this could be filled in by the WTO as those who do not approve of reducing greenhouse targets will have to suffer some consequences from the WTO. This could however be treated as a disrespect to a countrys sovereignty. In the long run, since the WTO would attract more outside(prenominal) investment, foreign investments will also be encouraged in developing alternative, renewable energy solutions in Saudi Arabia.Consequently, CCS can thrive from a commercial-grade point of view as the awareness of climate change would trigger interest in forwarding this technology for economic gains. The WTO system encourages a good government, which in turn will help in framing policies for increased participation in anti-climate change efforts. V. Problems and Solutions The planets worsening climate see is partly the doing of the industrial cities in Saudi Arabia, from where carbon dioxide emissions from oil manufacturing and processing come from.The investment of Saudi Arabia in finding soluti ons for the problems posed by global warming is research and resources. Countries like Saudi Arabia allocate funds for studies. It focuses its studies on oil-related aspects of global warming management. It is important for countries to sponsor studies so that they can get first hand information about global warming and its implications. Nations should foster the continued development of these epistemic communities not only to stimulate new avenues of research, but also to help create greater opportunities for consensus building and coordinated action (Lee, 1995, p. 14).In reducing carbon dioxide emissions coming from oil, there are a variety of methods that could be adopted. One is eliminating subsidies to prevent increase in consumption levels. Simply saving up on energy use can help alleviate greenhouse emissions. Resorting to renewable energy sources provides great potential in dealing with this environmental threat since these renewable energy sources produce no amount of emiss ions whatsoever. For countries like Saud

Ancient Tiahuanacun civilization Essay Example for Free

Ancient Tiahuanacun civilization EssayAymaras were believed to be descendants from the ancient Tiahuanacun civilization appe atomic number 18d from the Lake Titicaca. The Indians had their own culture from the way they attired and the language that they used, although, today, many had been speaking Spanish. Aymaras were roughly two million in population and extended their number in southern Peru and in the area where their ancestors freshman came. Most of the Aymaras lived in the highlands of Altipano, adjusting their clothing to match the coldness of the weather. Although they were tribes, they played a role in the community by exporting their products to the cities and to the world.There were problems in this surgical operation because the government implied that the ethnics are un school. The government had to cut the linkages of the group to the city, thereby, causing the Aymaras to form syndicates. Like the Aymaras, the friar preacher blacks, also, are fulfiling from ra cial secretion. They were from Africa and were send overseas to Dominican Republic to improve labor force during the revolt of the locals. After the revolution of slaves, came the Dominican blacks. The Dominican blacks were despised for they had come from the slaves and by that sense, their purpose was only to serve.They were wedded from their positions and are know apartd from the world. whatsoever had been condemned to death. But the Blacks fought. They had submitted laws to end the racial discrimination and they excelled and succeeded to their fields as musicians, artists, professionals, and leaders. Blacks are more of common people than the Aymaras. Blacks have become civilized through time and become part of the population. They contributed to the country in many ways. The Aymaras, however, since they are an ethnic group, they were more on life of farmers and shepherds.The Dominican Blacks have lesser obstacles to meet to social acceptance and progress since the Blacks had been ending the conflict of discrimination. Many Black leaders are pursuing this goal of equality. They show to the world that they are as efficient and clever as their oppressor. They compete and succeed in many times. Artists and players are showing to the world the Black battalion, and it adds up to the publicity of the Blacks. Nationality and identicalness greatly affect the life of a person. Caste system or class system is the basis of all the racial discriminations today.They had given importance to the colorise and ethnic groups that wounded the people today, in the case of the Dominican Black and the Aymaras. In the anthology, actions of Negroes to end discrimination are rife. Evidence is that the Dominicans hated the Blacks. They had given them name and mocked them. There are many times Aymaras are implied as animals roaming around the city. They are being forced to leave and forced to go home. Movements are formed. It is cook that these movements to end the racial dis crimination were going on since the oppressors created the class system. unite States of America is a society that is lead by whites. They also despise the Blacks. They discriminate them in their societies. The Blacks are forced out the community. They are literally mocked. Black students are cast away from other whites. Their children are not allowed to play with the Whites. Some petitions of the Black leaders are not accepted by the congress. Their grievances are not heard and are considered not important for they are Blacks. They are unceasingly considered as criminals and robbers.Some are shot accidentally by police claiming that they had been robbing the store. Some Black professionals are not paid equally. Unequal treatment is eternally their distress. In a society where people are colonized, many are oppressed by force. If not, for discrimination and other forms. Colonization and racism goes hand in hand. This is the result of enslavement of Africans, Blacks, and Aymaras. P overty in the Latin countries adds up to the enslavement of economy. Literacy and education are precarious leading to migration to other countries such as the United States and Spain.These countries oppress these immigrants. The oppressors make them feel incompatible to their society of pure bloods thus, separate them out of the neighborhood. They do not give them enough rights to live freely and to rising slope their lifestyle. The society themselves are the source of the frequent racial discrimination. There still exists a class around the Latin that is the source of faction for the country and the economy. People are enslaved by their sense that the other groups are incompetent, insignificant, and dull.The unity of the country is greatly affected by the people of colors and pure bloods. Two ideals melody that leads to civil wars. The government, however, is getting there. The laws which applied to the people are for the end of oppression and discrimination. This is a total revi sion of rights of people. But the history behind the slavery and discrimination remains as they progress. There is always the case where Blacks are mocked as slaves. Colonization must stop in these countries. People will continue to suffer these oppressions.

Data warehousing and data mining

selective information w atomic number 18ho utilize and selective information tapAbstractThis topic aims to discuss thoroughly-nigh information w behouse and selective information exploit, the tools and techniques of selective information mining and selective information w arhousing as well as the benefits of practicing the concept to the makeups. It as well includes the trends and finish in information storage warehouse and selective information mining in menstruum business communities.Keywords infobase, entropy warehouse, information mining, informationbase centering.IntroductionOrganisation uses information systems to record and find appear entropy from daily proceedings. The information systems via the informationbase that link to it extends valuable selective information for devising important and strategic decisions in regards to the well-being of a comp some(prenominal). An organisation ignore announce the expectation that is yet to come from the data that they possessed. The data privy similarly be apply to provide possible solutions to overcome the problems that they faced, and even, they can use the data to obtain competitive advantage in their business environment. Database has reduces, if not in some place, vanish the old method of storing and keeping the information, that is, through and through the utilization of the traditional filing system. The change towards digitization of data and the establishment of data repository has created a new term in the field of information systems, new send in the organisation, and a new way of doing business and daily accomplishments in human life.This paper will discuss further about the cardinal terminologies which is data warehouse and data mining from the perspective of database management in the organisation. At the same time, this paper will also include some cases and issues about data warehouse in the organisation according to original situation based on the literatures.A ccording to William H. Inmon, data warehouse is a set of integrated, able oriented databases designed to adjudge Decision Support Systems (DSS) functions, where each serial publication of data is precise to some period of time. It is said that data warehouse contains atomic data and lightly fill up the data.On the opposite hand, data mining is the search for valuable information in large volumes of data (Weiss Indurkhya, 1998). It is the process of nontrivial descent of implicit, previously unknown and potenti every(prenominal)y useful information such as knowledge rules, constraints, and regularities from data stored in repositories using pattern recognition technologies as well as statistical and mathematical techniques (Technology Forecast, 1997 Piatetsky-Shapiro and Frawley, 1991). As mentioned earlier, many organisations nowa eld use com assembleers especially through the usage of information system to collect particulars of business transactions such as records of bank ing operations, sales of retails, productions of factory, tele communication theory and other transactions. Consequently the data mining tools are apply to expose positive potentials and association from the data collected.Background of data warehousing and data miningThe following part blot up the historical evolution of the database and directly discuss about data warehouse and data mining. A brief history of data warehousing and data mining are included. Furthermore is the issues faced in the early years of implementing the concept of data warehousing and data mining and where both concepts are useful.Data warehousing started in the late 1980s from the IBM lab and the responsible researchers are Barry Devlin and Paul Murphy. They started by the development of business data warehouse for decision support surroundings. In the early 1990s, it became a trend for organisations to meet the growing demand for organising information.However Haisten (1999), a columnist for selective in formation Management Website, mentioned that the concept of data warehouse take shape in early 1970s through a translate that started out at MIT with the aim to provide optimal technical architecture.And now, the next generation of data warehousing called Trend in Data Warehouse (TDWI) is mushrooming and become customary in many organisations that use information as their vital capitals.The emergence of data mining began in the late of 1980s and it flourished by 1990s. There are three roots that can be traced back along three family lines on the origin of data mining, which are the classical statistics, artificial news, and machine learning. In order to automate the process of extracting the data which are increased e genuinely single time, human has increased the power of computer and data storage. For that reason, the amount of data becomes huge and more complex. Primarily, Bayes theorem (1997) and Regression analysis has identify patterns in data. The data mining is actually th e process or method by using greater discovering in computer science engineering such as neural net formulates, clustering process, genetic algorithm and decision trees. Data mining can be said as a method to help with the collection of observation of behaviour.Ayre (2006) stated in his paper that todays data mining techniques is due to the work of mathematician, logicians, and computer scientist join together to create Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning dated back from the 1950s. That was a very basic spark for data mining ideology. As mention earlier, in the 1960s, AI and statistic practitioners created new algorithm such as regression analysis, maximum likelihood estimates, neural networks, bias reduction, and elongate model.Also in 1960s, the field of information retrieval (IR) made its contribution in the form of clustering techniques and similarity measures. At these time techniques were applied to school text document, but they would later be utilized when m ining data in databases and other large, distributed data sets (Dunham, 2003).In 1997, Connecticut-based Gartner Group report has mentioned about data mining and artificial intelligence are at the top five ranking of major engine room areas that will clearly arrest a main break transversely the whole scope of business unit within the incoming three to five years. Presently, data mining techniques and tools are being prolonged to the configuration of areas. For instance, the data mining tools like intelligent text-mining system will extract the text waste pertinent to user queries.The above is the process of how the data is apotheosis to database and data warehouse and selection process by using data mining techniques and engine room. And then it show us how the information form by the translating the data to be deploy in business.Approaches of data warehousing and data mining in various industriesThe industry of pay, sales and marketing, administration and others should see i nformation as corporate source but the many local narrow systems that held that information simply did not give way the incorporated commercial viewpoint that was required. (Inmon, 2007) dismantle though operational data is a greater asset to the organisation, it seemed data is usually not making use to its full capable. Therefore, data warehouse basically is to enable users appropriate access to breaking apart and complete view of the organisation, supporting forecasting and decision-making process at the managerial stage. Additionally, data warehouse can achieve information consistency by carry data from dissimilar data foundations into centre of database. Users from different department for instances, can view the data from lucid single one place repository. The layer of data in data warehouse ventures the information consistent by enable data around the data warehouse to be describe in business terms as over against to using database terminology. The establishment of data th at enforce how business terms are stated or calculated are also defined in the metadata layer and then served to the users. Because of the data in the data warehouse is non-volatile but it essential be design to adapt the changes periodically. It is because terminologies use in business cannot run from changes.Mannino and Walter (2004) in their study about the refreshment of data warehouse stated that data warehouse refreshment is a complex process comprising many tasks, such as extraction, transformation, integration, cleaning, key management, history management, and loading. This study is base on interviewed of 13 organisations and the author conclude that daily refresh during nonbusiness hours were the most common policy.Sometimes data warehouse is not fully utilized by organisation or it being used by company but not all departments. In a case studied by Payton (2005) conclude that there are three factors why data warehouse is disappointed them. It is because marketings preter mit of trust in the data in CDW (Corporate data warehouse) marketings low perceived quality of the data and marketings perceived lack of incorporation of their needs in the design of the data warehouse and data warehouse interface.Data mining in the industries like information provider as library involved in digital libraries gain benefits from it as they found the method to classify information automatically and apply new way to clustering the subject called MetaCombined the project. Besides database, data mining can be useful in a variety data types like text, spatial data, temporal data, images, and other complex data.Data warehousing and data mining in telecommunicationThe telecommunication industry is fast fitting the main user of high touchstone information system. The problem faced by telecommunication industry is the generation of information which is too fast and in tremendous condition. The difficulties occur when a user, any a manager or high executive, needs access to stored information. If the time is not the issue to search what they want in that kind of stored data where they put in different places, it will not be an issue at all but time limitation is consuming. For instance, in order to produce a report regarding subscriber, an executive need to extract the data, do some analysis, and some other step to make it presentable to their officer. What else can enhance all this as well technology? The exact question to ask is what is the technology that can be very helpful in this situation? The answer is through the application of data warehousing and data mining.In real case studied by Papaiacovous, Bramblet, and Burgess (n.d) in a paper titled Data Warehouse A telecommunication trade Solution they described about the difficulties to produce report. They then design personalized systems which exceed the traditional borders of data warehousing systems by bring together and keeping only important data, analyzing and transforming the data, and t hen summarizing and rearranging it in according to the demands of the user.Another interesting article by Gomez (1998), expressed the hope that cellular companies and other communications firms to strongly consider data warehousing as a way to achieve competitive advantage. The author also reviews new way to data warehousing that have established successful in compliant concrete business benefits. Service providers realize due to the competition in the marketplace, they need to provide the vanquish for their customer or risk to lose them. It is because customer can simply change their telecommunication service provider if they are not satisfied with their current provider. So the provider must get the knowledge in customers hand about what they want actually. After all the data about the customer are collected via online and phone survey, a data warehouse can enhance the executive to analyze and segments customer into groups by their product usage patterns, demographic characterist ics, etc.Telecommunications companies produce tremendous amount of money of data. These data consist of call gunpoint data, which describes the calls that cross the telecommunication networks network data, which explain the position of the hardware and software components in the network, and customer data. Data mining can be used to uncover useful information buried within these data sets.Telecommunication companies might look to fraud from customer that intends to use the service without paying for it. It happens when the users register and manipulate the registration information. The most regular way for identifying fraud is to construct a write of customers calling behaviour and compare recent activity against this behaviour. Thus, this data mining application relies on deviation detection. The calling behaviour is captured by summarizing the call detail records for a customer.Here is the issue on data mining. In the customer case study by the company ECtel n order to sell t heir data mining product for fraud detection called FraudView noted that selling data mining product to a telecommunication provider has been traditionally difficult because they dont have data mining experts on staff who can work conventional data mining tools. Additionally, there are many ways to run forth from paying for telecommunication services, from stealing phone card to bypassing phone circuitry. ECtel created FraudView, the solution that uses SPSS Inc.s advanced data mining workbench, which enable the detection of telecommunications fraud in real time.Data mining in telecommunication industries is not limited to detect fraud only but it also can be used as network fault isolation, marketing or customer profiling, etc. This is owing to the three main sources of telecommunication data which are call detail, network, and customer data.Data warehouse and data mining in financial servicesHow a retail bank can truly understand and predict its customers needs to the point where it can design product and services that suit those needs? One way of looking at customers can be from the standpoint of channel usage. In the UKs Llyods Bank/TSB merger, data were sourced from both their data warehouse, and then used to segment the customer base by service channel usage. clients were allocated to segment on their usage of the following channels ATMs, automated (direct debits/standing orders), cards (credit card and debit) and telephone (Peppard, 2000).Financial institutions struggle with the large amount of data on every transaction deal. Data warehouse helps financial service organisations to analyse large, complex, and rapidly growing data volumes in a quicker way for better decision making and faster speed back to the market.Fundamentals of data mining in finance are coming from the need to forecast multidimensional time series with high level of noise, accommodate specific efficiency criteria, make coordinated multiresolution forecast, and also incorporate a str eam of text signals as input data for forecasting models (Kovalerchuck Vityaev, 2002 ).As noted by Kovalerchuck Vitayaev, four main reason why data mining need to be implemented in finance is because the emergence of high volume databases such as commercial data warehouse and computer automated data recording advances in computer technology such as faster and bigger computer engines and parallel architectures fast access to vast amounts of data, and the ability to apply computationally intensive statistically methodology to these data.Data mining is used to forecast the target variable, performing the contribution varies in percent within todays closing price and the price five days later, along with next days prediction.Data warehouse and data mining in health serviceIn health care there is not a great deal transaction as business environment. The data is about outpatient, visits to doctor office, procedure and so forth. Instead of numerical data, healthcare has textual descri ption if the different medical examination counters. And there is a little bit problems here, where the technology that own a old method of data warehouse is created to manage process of transacting data that is very conquered by arithmetical information. When textual, non-transactional information is come across, the old method data warehouse technology nowadays is simply at a defeat to continue healthcare information. (Inmon, 2007).Then, if the data is not a number but a textual it must be kept with different understanding of phrase. It just likes a different language. In order to be standardized, there has to be creation of same vocabulary for instance, with the purpose to gain understanding for all. Then it can be kept in the data warehouse.In a case study written by Kumar and Raval (n.d), they traced a large global pharmaceutical, which has a huge data of clinical trials for a number of drugs projects. Due to data collection and analyses operations that are broadening across the world, it is harder to implement data standards. Even harder to enforce was the scheduling and validation standards that are required of pharmaceutical companies. Primarily, a data warehouse is an operational middle ground and disparate and incompatible to a big quantity of systems put together to diverse collection from end user platform.In another case, Whiting (2001) reported a healthcare name Intermountain Health that used data warehouse to make an analysis handling provided to its cardiovascular patients for five years. From the result, it improves service provided after the patients return home.These are the data mining in healthcare and insurance where it can give beneficial such as providing claims analysis, it means determine which medical procedure are claimed together. It helps in predicting which customer will taint new policies and can identify behaviour pattern or sorry customer and also prevent fraud.Data warehouse and data mining in retail industryThe challenge in retailer business actually is inundate of data, the battle of data and expired data. To cope with these challenges, many retailers are mental synthesis unified repositories of data known as data warehouse.In the early implementation of data warehousing technology in 1990s, the retail business has gained benefits of hard-nosed data warehouse. From the daily historical sales reporting database created over past few years ago, retailer can expanded the use of analytical systems to support and produce vital decision.The retail industry is going through a transformation. Data warehouse enable retailers to carry out on their major products, including activities such as inventory replacement, purchasing, and vendor management across multiple other multiple. Financial planning, adjusting for stock outs to seed a top-down financial plan provides all of the data necessary to support well-organized process for the confirmation of invoice accuracy to strategy-based pricing solution.Simple application that can implement the concept of data mining for retail industries are SQL server 2008 and Microsoft Office Excel 2007. To stay competitive, retailer must understand not only current consumer behaviour but must also be able to predict future consumer behaviour. Accurate prediction and an understanding of customer behaviour can help retailers keep customers, improve sales, and debase the relationship with their customers. SQL server 2008 provide prophetic analysis through data mining and Microsoft Excel 2007 offer data mining capabilities that can help retailers make better decision.The application that is common for business retail in data mining such as market basket analysis, fraud detection, database marketing, sales forecasting, and also merchandise planning and allocation. Data mining is so beneficial in retailer industriesRecommendationsIn the business world a transaction is repeated again and again and many of them deal with data in numerical. The same activity repeats with different customers and different figures. To release from this mess, data warehouse and data mining provide solution. Even though data warehouse and data mining is a strategic investment to the business world but it can be risky without a proper understanding of the concept. Governance or control is important to support the implementation of data warehouse and data mining. There must be a proper standard to ensure compatibility in processing the data especially for textual data used in the health industry. There should also be a policy and to manage the data warehouse. It is highly recommended that to be successful in the implementation of data warehouse or/and data mining, an organisations are required to have extensive or comprehensive knowledge about the data in their company. This is to guarantee that a well structured data warehouse can be constructed. A well structured data warehouse consequently will help organisation to exploit via data mining the data that th ey have. Organisation should also know what exactly they want to implement in their organisation so that the right tools for data mining can be used. And finally, a strong support from top management is important to deploy data warehouse and data mining because the investment on these is not cheap.Conclusioninsufficient of data is no longer a trouble but lack of ability to breed valuable information from data is the issue today. The answer for those issues is through the implementation of data warehouse and the power to use data mining techniques and tools. Nevertheless, the realisation and the awareness of data warehouse and data mining in the organisation should take into consideration many aspects regardless of what industries. The aspects include support of the top management, understanding of the data needed by the organisation, governance and policy, the right design of the data warehouse, and the right tools or techniques for data mining.BibliographyDunham, M.H. (2003). 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John F Kennedy And His Leadership Style History Essay

gutter F Kennedy And His leading Style History EssayTransformational lead qualities are not only inherited in person al ane external environ workforcets in like manner involved to relieve oneself up a attractor. Transformational leadinghiphip has plump so prominent in todays society, especially in the Western world, where athletics, military, and politics all thrive on it. Of course, transformational leadership would not exist if there were no following, but it is a skill that is extremely effective and needed. Leaders are effective decision makers, strong motivators, and masters of communication. You can instantly tell who is a huge leader by observing the way all(prenominal)one elses effort is as a whole. A great leader is someone who is both task and kinship oriented. While they establish interpersonal relationships with their teammates, they also make sure that everyone is prepared for the task at hand.Transformational Leadership is the behaviour of an individual w hen he is directing the activities of sort towards a share goal. Such leaders act as a communication bridge by inspiring and motivating accessorys towards busy goals in an organised way. Strong communication skill is a major quality of a leader. The progress of a team dep final stages on the en fortitudement and affectivity of its leader. Transformational leaders build the teams and motivate them. It can be hard, but it can make a difference. Transformational Leadership emerges from situations in which there is no formal leadership or in the context of formally designated roles (Ronald K. Smith, 2004).Transformational leaders serve as role models and focus on the well creation of their followers by helping them develop to their fullest potential. Transformational leadership is associated with the following four factors idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. Followers who are able to solve issues with bulge out th e help of a leader are to a greater extent likely to necessitate higher self-confidence therefore, leading to higher motivation and production. Transformational leaders utilize individualized consideration to establish self-esteem and pride in followers by treating them as individuals. Followers with high self-confidence may be to a greater extent likely to initiate and finish projects that are outside their area of duties, because they are less afraid of negative repercussions if they fail. Leaders who take the time to meet and know their followers provide an inviting work environment. Followers who feel that their leaders care about them may be more motivated to produce superior work to please their leaders.Transformational leaders provide supportive work environments for their followers. These leaders are tolerant to followers mistakes and more willing to teach and model proper behaviour. Transformational leaders involve their followers in problem-solving and innovative session s. Inviting and encouraging followers to participate in goal specifyting is characteristic of these types of leaders. These leaders engage themselves with followers and serve as mentors and role models. Transformational leaders, much like attractive and consideration leaders, establish a rapport with their followers. They show an interest for opposites. Both transformational and servant leaders value others, develop followers, build communities, display authenticity, and share leadership.John F. Kennedy and his Leadership StyleAs a chairwoman, John F. Kennedy was known for his energy to handle the problems that were out of reach of the other people. By a layman it is usually wondered how mean can a person be that he can take care of problems which are observed to be much more complicated and large than which can be handled by a mortal man. John F. Kennedy be this by his dedication and determination towards his job as a president. All this proved to be a success not only by h is efforts but also with the help of the people as they got a surrounding where they can be at their best. The success of the leader does not only depend on his ability but also on his relationships that he has to establish.Kennedy always was against creating layers in the surroundings which would promote open communication among the individuals which would end up in rivals. In order to avoid the dictatorial nature of a leader, a lot of management to the details is required so that the respective task is covered by the appropriate person with proper co-ordination and guidance (John A. Barnes, 2007).His personality was embedded with a combining of affection and hard mind. He thoroughly enjoyed the variety of diverse personalities and talents that surrounded him finishedout the era of his presidency. He always respected an individual for what he was. He had certain reliability in his acceptance of men to work with him. To make things go right, he had a perfect assessment of the peo ple who would be reclaimable and how can their talents be fruitful.Type of LeaderOut of all the leadership demeanors, Kennedys leadership drift proved to be the most effective and influenced one. He followed the compulsive and charismatic leadership style. Authoritative leaders are to be known as the experts in whatever they get into. They are able to provide you with a clear vision and a perfect path through which it can be achieved and be a success. In Kennedys leadership this quality can be seen very clearly because he had the capability to mobilize the people towards the vision and make use of what they were best in (Peter G. Northhouse, 2009).John F. Kennedy Authoritative LeadershipThe high-and- moguly leadership approach is use by leaders that desire or need to have complete office in decision-making. This method is often uttered by the leader informing his people purposely what to do and how to do it, and is most frequently necessary when time is of the essence. However , this approach should not be used too frequently, because it could direct to the observation of bossiness on the leaders part, which could conduct to reduced peoples inspiration and reduced commitment. Effective leaders are likely to use power in a subtle, careful fashion that minimizes status differentials and avoids threats to the target persons self esteem.Kennedys approach generates an optimistic and cheerful man to work with (Erwin C. Hargrove, 2008). John F. Kennedy also compete a role in situational leadership where he had to loosen his management approach to every circumstance. He considered being successful with the authoritative leadership style when he was the inhabitant specialist. (Lewis J. Paper, 1975).In his era some of the people supporting him found such alteration a bit scratchy and disturbing to the side of work or to them individually and some had found it bit difficult to relate John F. Kennedy ideas of the upcoming so called future.By his authoritative leade rship style, he was able to engage different generations of this nation by communicating his philosophy of hope and change through traditional sources. In his own words, he is brazen-faced enough to propose that Americans can and should transform the nation into something that is better. His political and leadership messages have focused consistently on transformation.John F. Kennedy Charismatic Leadership styleWhat makes a charismatic leader different from others is his vision to encapsulate obedience of the followers. Using unconventional methods allows a charismatic leader to convince followers that they are not the normal leaders they are new, different, and inspiring. Trust and creditability comes from the willingness of these people to sacrifice themselves for the betterment of followers and organizations. Charismatic leaders usually have high follower expectations and are able to encourage these expectations by using unconventional behaviours to establish credibility, sens itivity, and appeal.Although charismatic leaders have a strong following, it is of the essence(predicate) to point out that they may have a dark side. Charismatic leaders may take advantage of the fact that they are so well liked and sure and encourage followers to focus on and aim for atrocious goals. Charismatic leaders are more equipped to influence followers to participate in corrupt behaviour. Because followers trust and like their leaders they may be more willing to ignore and not question any odd behaviour.In some era of John F. Kennedy life people have noticed a charismatic Leadership style. However, the charismatic magic can be as a lucky thing and a nuisance on the general public. John F. Kennedy charismatic leadership style help him make himself capable of using his personal magic or charm to get the work done out of people. This comes out to an effective, challenging and powerful method to guide other people.John F. Kennedy as a charismatic leader time and again fluen t the hallucination by means of descriptions and tales in behaviour that each human being can be aware of his mental picture or image. The persons who support him usually saw him as individual that have power over and capability to create in individuals mind the prospect with transparency.This also helped him become a role model for his workplace.By his charismatic leadership style, Kennedy was able to engage the nation, to juice up and to motivate the people by communicating a clear vision of the future. Kennedy has utilized many media to begin his process of leadership. His inspirational motivation behaviour has been seen in the speeches he gave during the campaign which served to engage and energize both his supporters and those on the fence.Examples from his LeadershipJohn Kennedy proved to be a transformational leader from the very beginning later on being elected. After his inaugural address there was no longer any question about Kennedys ideological orientation. He was stil l a pragmatist, but he stood on his political legacy as the heir to Roosevelt and Truman. He deluged the Congress with addresses, messages and exhortations.His authoritative leadership trait can be seen in this example. The newly Frontier, as his program was styled, had some success, especially in its first year. Congress established the Peace Corps, raised the minimum wage, liberalized social security benefits, and passed bills on housing, dispirit areas, manpower retraining, and temporary unemployment compensation. The president was given unprecedented authority to negotiate large across-the-board traffic cuts.As a president, John F. Kennedy did succeed in mobilizing impressive public pressure for his legislative program. Personally he was enormously popular. still the country was generally prosperous, and it was difficult to interest large numbers of voters in the need for change.Some of the Kennedys admirers held that he should be more vigorous in seeking public support and l ess wary of altercation with the legislative branch. But his own reading of U.S. history was that presidents had rarely succeeded in appealing to the people over the heads of their elected representatives. He was a man of ideas and man of action, but through war, sickness, and politics he had also acquired the tempering qualities of patience and prudence. This proved the charisma in his personality as a leader.He demonstrated the authoritative and charismatic characteristic in two of his most cherished legislative proposals languished for many months and were not passed until after his death. One was a measure to spur economic return through massive cuts in individual and corporate income tax rates. The plan accepted the inevitability of budget deficits for several years in the expectation that an increase economy would increase federal revenues later.The second major proposal that Kennedy left behind was the most sweeping civil rights bill of the century. In this field the presid ent was a late starter. Despite campaign promised and pledges in the 1960 Democratic platform, upon assuming office he felt that he could not endanger immediately into passage of arms with Confederate members of Congress. He and his brother Attorney General Robert Kennedy accomplished much through administrative action, recourse to the courts, and the firm use of federal power when Southern officials sought to frustrate court orders. But the president and his brother deferred legislative action until what proved to be Kennedys last month of administration. In 1963 a great wave of black demonstration swept over the country, the North as well as the South. Delay was no longer possible. Inviting Republican congressional leaders into full partnership, the administration worked out a comprehensive bill including curbs on discrimination in employment and in public accommodations and facilities, and the withholding of federal currency from programs in which the evidence was clear that d iscrimination was being practiced.As a transformational leader, in the field of foreign policy, President Kennedy began with a disaster and ended with what might in subsequent years develop into a major modernizethrough in post-World War II international relations.The disaster was in ill-conceived and disadvantageously executed attempt in April 1961 to invade Communist Cuba, using Cu veto exiles as troops with extensive US support the project had been conceived during the Eisenhower administration, but Kennedy had to accept, and did accept, function for its dismal failure. Some observers blamed him for not providing U.S. air cover for the invaders, and some charged the Central Intelligence Agency with faulty intelligence and ineptitude. The disaster was a sobering experience for a young, confident president not yet three months in office.Another example exhibiting his authoritative leadership was his vision that was regarding the join States space program. One of his speeches in 1962, speaking to the students in Rice University, he saidWe choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win (Thomas E. Gort, 1962)He continued to talk about a long term vision of sending a man to the moon. He talked about the metal alloys that were not invented at that time these alloys were capable of standing huge amount of heat and stresses times more than have ever been experienced. His vision to send a person to moon and getting him back to land safely was his main theme behind his this speech at the university. He explained the entire idea by which this could be accomplished. Here he was exhibiting an authoritative nature that gathered together the resources of the entire nation to a particula r goal.As an authoritative leader, Kennedy made the relaxation of East-West tension his central purpose. A June 1961 meeting with Khrushchev, in Vienna, proved fruitless. But the soviets beset with internal problems and their ideological departure with Communist China eventually became more receptive to western overtures. In June 1963, in a speech at American university in Washington, D.C., Kennedy called for a break in the vicious and dangerous cycle of the cold war. He announced yet another conference aimed at producing a nuclear test ban treaty, and he said that pending the outcome of the negotiations, the United States would refrain from atmospheric testing. At the meeting, held in Moscow, the United States, United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union finally agree upon a limited nuclear test ban treaty. It was later adhered to buy scores of other powers (not including France and Communist China) and was easily ratified in the U.S. Senate. It was, perhaps, the most important accomplis hment of the Kennedys administration. But treaties and acts of Congress did not fully measure the impact of John Kennedys brief tenure upon the national consciousness. The New Frontier, indeed, was often more keep for its image and its style then for its works.A number of reasons proved his nature of authoritative and charismatic nature. The president seemed to be everywhere illuminating nearly every aspect of the national life, from culture to physical fitness, from moral in the Foreign Service to the beautification in Washington, D.C. Although he made some enemies, notably in line of credit circles and among Southern segregationists, his popularity often transcended the usual political and ideological lines. Overseas he was admired by statesmen and ordinary citizen alike (Fred I. Greenstein, 1988).He was considered a charismatic vocalizer and a great communicator. He spoke with passion but stated his ideas simply, allowing him to appear very bright but still appealing to the av erage American. Kennedy was also seen as compassionate when he created the Peace Corps to provide aid to needy countries by enabling Americans to volunteer to help the countries in need. He set high goals for America, believing that they would put a man on the moon by the end of the 1960s as well as advance in other areas such as the fight against poverty and prejudice, and the fight for world peace. Kennedy was also the youngest elected president which helped many Americans identify with him after generations of old men running the government. Although he smoked cigars, he never smoked in public to avoid setting a bad example for children which helped win him more admiration. He also won admiration from the American public by taking full responsibility for his mistakes (such as the Bay of Pigs invasion,) rather than blaming it on his advisors or the previous administration. The fact that he handled the Cuban Missile Crisis without causing a nuclear war, as well as signing a treaty to end nuclear tests in the earths atmosphere to stop radioactive pollution helped save many potential lives all around the world that could have been lost had he gotten into a war with Russia.ConclusionAnyone that possesses any of the above qualities with an additional dose of courage could be a leader, which doesnt mean that you have to be leading a group of people. You can be a leader just by living by example expressing to people the right things to do, because you will be move by how many people are watching. Being a leader is not an easy task because things dont always go as we anticipate, so thats where the courage comes in because it kind of motivates you to keep going when you want to give up due to obstacles.In conclusion all that am saying is that for a leader to be utterly successful one of the most efficient quality that he needs to his character is Achievement Motivation which is strengthened by the inwrought Locus of Control, Social Self Efficacy, Multicultural Comp etence, and an Effective Communication Style so as to accomplish their goals to the fulfillment of those that they are supposedly making a positive impact on their life.

Is accounting profit figure a measure of true profit of an organizations

Is chronicle benefit figure a measure of true profit of an organizationsAccounting rules and regulations ar a mish-mash of rather conflicting concepts(e.g. relevance and neutrality), giving managers discretion in deciding which principle to and non to apply(1). Profit is no unproblematic figure which can be computed easily(2), infact it is a thorough process of naming and counting(3) identifying, calculating and summarizing many references generated. Some of these items donot exist, and hence atomic number 18 brought into existence by identifying and appoint monetary values, some involve quantifying the qualitative, while calculation of others may involve managers choosing between different rules and methodologies(revenue recognisation, inventory, depreciation calculation using different techniques), all of which are accepted, by providing a simple reasoning or exclusivelyification for the choice. Hence, earning management itself is allowed in the profession giving managers t he discretion to twist and turn certain figures to take care their criteria, deliver the goodsd a proper reasoning is given.Prudence-an important rule in history, guiding managers that should a conflict arise, a conservative approach to be adopted, as not to be over-optimistic about performance. But now, it is a mere subset of reliability, replaced by faithful representation by IASB, following FASB(4). Should we now expect more use of fanciful accounting? Given the current credit crunch is it fair to follow USA? Does this mean that instead of using a careful approach as to which colors to use, managers are free to paint the picture in any way they like? Similar implications apply for the use of fair value accounting (driven by Hicks,1975, income and opportunity cost theory), affecting asset valuation and income recognisation. Also given diverse and conflicting rules, what maybe true for one family or country, maynot be true for another(due to different accounting bodies). Theref ore profit is merely creating rather than reflecting reality(5).Another point to discuss is sly(positive accounting theory) based on surreal assumptions as long as they are a good prediction, and underlying hypothesis are never rejected if proven wrong(6). The diagram below shows that in every step of PAT methodology there is a lot of subjectivity, and half of the time they donot tell what assumptions have been made.PAT is based on decade Smiths rational economic man stating that all choices are based on self come to and accumulation of private wealth hence accounting methods provide be chosen to mislead and disguise performance(7). Agency theory (Jensen Meckling, 1976) is closely related to this, displaying conflict of interest amongst shareholders and managers, which justifies why managers may resort to earning management, especially if performance-based salaries are used (management compensation hypothesis, Watt and Zimmerman 1986).Shareholders appoint auditors as a protect ion of their rights and assurance that managers are managing the company to the best of their ability, to maintain decision making efficiency, simply auditors donot have access to all the information, and only base their decisions on the information provided by managers and given accounting regulations, does this information asymmetry means that auditors really provide a fair and truthful analysis of company reporting? Given the limited figures that auditors are given, can they analyze that profitability as shown by the company is actually correct? The answer is NO, and we have many examples much(prenominal) as Enron, Sunbeam, which despite been given unqualified audit reports, failed ultimately.Furthermore, as Watt and Zimmerman argue that PAT only gives a prediction of which method managers might use, but doesnot tell which accounting method should be used, for example a large company is apt(predicate) to use income reducing methods to avoid political attention (political cost hypothesis), debt hypothesis states that a company which is close to breaking its debt covenants will choose policies to ensure such covenants are not violated(8).Also, it is too simplistic to state that it is the only truth. Infact even if profit figure is aligned with companys actual performance, according to coherence theory it is just a truth(9), and not the ultimate reality. Although some might claim the contrary, as the media only compares the profit figures and doesnot refer to the variety of accounting policies that can be adopted(10).My air ends with the viewpoint, that although accounting policies and audit reports are designed to protect stakeholders from false reporting, but due to gaps in rules, managers still maintain the discretion to choose policies, which is exploited to construe their objectives, hence shareholders and auditors should use a pool of resources, such as return on investment(11), key performance indicators, share price and economic profit (bank inter est and return on other assets-12) to assess performance. Information is not stable, clear and self-evident(13), it is subject to constant change, and can be generated and interpreted in different ways. faithfulness is not in the numbers, it is only constructing reality using space, time and value machine(13), therefore users of accounting information should use their own judgment, knowledge and opinions before reaching any conclusion and not base decisions blindly on profitability alone.NOTESRhoda lecture notes The Growth of regulation International standards and conceptual frameworks of accounting.My first reflective percentageLecture notes Ann-Christine Frandsen Where do we find accountingLecture notes Dr Fiona Anderson Gough Early standards and normative theory, the influence of past on presentHines 1988Friedman, The methodology of Positive Economics 1953 go game Smith, The wealth of nations, 1776Lecture notes, Rhoda, Positive accounting theory (PAT)Lecture notes, Dr Fiona An derson Gough, Portraying successDeegan and Unerman, 2006Lecture notes, Ann Christine FrandsenBall and Brown, 1968Frandsen A-C (2009), Information Organisation

Salman Rushdie :: essays research papers

There have been very few writers who have been dogged by controversy throughout their careers. Some have been persecuted in less enlightened times such as Mark Twain, and some have been ridiculed by the count like Edgar Allan Poe. Yet, Salman Rushdie was the first author in the free world to have been pursued from across continents and forced into hiding because of a death sentence by a foreign government. To say Salman Rushdie is a very controversial writer in todays society would be a gross understatement. Rushdie in fact could be considered the ideal poster boy for absolute freedom of the press. It is not that Rushdie prides himself on being rebellious, he simply presents his ideas bluntly and it just so happens that his ideas address extremely volatile topics such as the Islam religion. Rushdies philosophy was eloquently put when he wrote, What is freedom of expression? Without the freedom to offend, it ceases to exist.Contrary to many an(prenominal) great authors, Rushdie did not endure a traumatic childhood, suffer from alcohol addiction, or live with chronic depression. Instead, Rushdie actually had what many would view as a close to perfect upbringing. Rushdie was born in 1947 to a middle-class Moslem family in the great city of Bombay, India. His paternal grandfather was an Urdu poet, and his father a Cambridge meliorate businessman. At the age of fourteen, Rushdie was sent to Rugby School in England where he excelled in his studies. Rushdie went on to continue his studies at Kings College, Cambridge, where he studied history. After graduating in 1968 he worked for a time with television in Pakistan as an actor with the theatre group at Oval House in Kennington. Then, from 1971 to 1981 Rushdie earned his supporting by working intermittently as a freelance advertising copywriter for Ogilvy and Mather and Charles Barker. Rushdie eventually began his literary career in 1975 when he made his debut with Grimus, a sort of fantastical science fiction nov el based on the twelfth century Sufi poem The Conference of Birds. Grimus however received small-minded fame and Rushdie truly broke into the literary world with his second novel Midnights Children, in 1981, which won him the Booker prize and international fame. This novel began his controversial trope as well. The novel is a comic allegory of Indian history that revolves around the life of its narrator, Saleem Sinai, and the one thousand children born after Indias closure of Independence.

Grandpas Mind :: Dialogue Essays

Grandpas Mind As I pulled into my parents driveway, I realized how loud the radio was. I turned it down, peeled my legs off the blue vinyl seat, and lugged my pile of laundry up to the front door. The doorknob wouldnt turn and I still hadnt gotten around to devising myself a duplicate key. I rang the bell and waited. Nothing. Leaving my basket of dirty clothes on the steps, I tramped through the bushes in front of the living elbow room window. Pep was across the room sitting in his usual chair and reading the paper. He was a familiar sight in his plaid dust coat shirt, striped clip-on bow tie, and tweed cabby hat. I knocked on the window. He turned around, startled, and focused his eyes on me. I smiled and waved at him, scarce he just stared at me. I gestured toward the front door. His face had that hollow look, but something made him get up and let me in. Hi, Pep. I kissed him on the cheek. He made way for me and my laundry. Hello, how are you? I headed for the washing machine. Pep trailed closely behind. Kevin and Clare arent home, but they should be here soon. Do you want to wait for them? Yah, Ill be here. I began separating whites from darks. Do you want anything to eat? Theres meat and bread in the ice box and some cookies in there. No thanks. I dont know where Kevin and Clare are. They took Katie out somewhere. Do you know Katie? I paused. Here we go. This was going to be one of those conversations. I should just say, Why, yes, I know Katie. But perhaps if I venture a bit further, something might jog his memory and we wouldnt have to go through the whole routine. Dad says that Pep has a tape recorder in his brain, and bits and pieces pull through getting erased. I decided to give it a shot.