How should WTO member states respond to the issue of access to Essay

How should WTO member states respond to the issue of access to medicines as provided for in the DOHA AGREEMENT for trips - Essay Example European Union: European Parliament , EU Motion For Resolution Cases: Thai Cigarette Case India- Mailbox Case 3 Abstract The issue of access to medicines is an important, strategic issue which if not answered immediately will entail loss of million of lives. At the moment, the HIV/AIDS epidemic is raging like wild bushfire in Africa. In Kenya alone, 300 people die daily because of AIDS while1.5 million people carry the HIV virus . In other countries, the statistics are even more mind-boggling. The Doha Agreement on TRIPS and the strict intellectual property laws on patents had been pinpointed as at the heart of the failure to access medicines needed to treat HIV, TB, malaria and other diseases prevalent in LDCs or least developed countries. This paper traces the history of the Doha Agreement and finds solutions to the problem of accessibility pointing out weaknesses in the TRIPS Agreement. Finally, it suggests ways of how WTO member states be able to do their part in ensuring that millions of lives be saved by a steady supply of affordable, generic drugs to LCDS and how these can be encouraged to manuf acture their own drugs using compulsory licenses easily obtainable through TRIPS provisions and furthermore export these drugs to other LCDs similarly situated as them. Introduction International trade in the olden days was often marked with conflicts, disputes or even violence that threatened sprouting of wars between contracting nations. Thus,... International trade in the olden days was often marked with conflicts, disputes or even violence that threatened sprouting of wars between contracting nations. Thus, the lex mercatoria or law merchant came into being to govern international trade, all international merchants and especially monopolistic chartered companies such as the East India Company, South Sea Company and the Hudson Bay Company which needed to be reined over to protect small-scale merchants . Suddenly, international commercial arbitration governed by lex mercatoria was utilised to settle international trade disputes. Here, an aritrator applied the usages and customs of international trade and the â€Å"rules of law which are common to all or most of the states engaged in international trade† . But despite this, the problem of diversity of sales laws in some 200 trading countries, forum shopping by nations in dispute, no level playing field, high transaction costs demanded that conflict rules of internationa l law be applied to avoid rising incidents of disputes. As international trade metamorphosed into a highly complex trade deals that involved tariffs and non-tariff barriers, dumping of goods, trade in services, trade in intellectual property, patents, trademarks, copyright rights etc., institutions designed to supervise, police and liberalise international trade as well as negotiate and implement trade agreements, had to be established. Moreover, as authors Trebilcock and Howse pointed out, there was an imperative need to regulate international trade because a favourable balance of trade had to be perpetually maintained and this meant formulating policies that encouraged aggressive exportation while at the same time restricted importation.

Landscape Photography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Landscape Photography - Assignment Example When you want to create the landscape photograph, you are suppose to look for predominant features to be the center of interest for example, when photographing landscape and the sun is setting, the center of interest will be sun. When taking a photograph you must choose the color of the day. Try to go out and make the images of that color the dominant element to an image. Find more different ways to possibly perform that. Also choose the shape and create images which will use the shape in a way that is interesting. This could the encompass in architecture, an art, or a juxtaposition of the multiple structures. The reflection of a photograph is a powerful element; reflection could be looked as the element in the work of taking photograph whether in landscape or portrait or the still life. Before you start composing the still-life of an image, the first thing to decide is the subject. The common subjects of the still-life images are natural objects like flowers, sea shell, leaves, birds nest, food, and many more that are man-made items. The still-life shoot is usually inspired by the color of a certain fruits in seasons, the light beauty falling to a collection of things like wine corks, or even the memory of the mothers using the old sets of dishes. Still-life photograph is commonly used in advertisement for example, showing a case of a product. When you select the main subject, start assembling your set for example by arranging the subject and any other item that may bring the factors of composition to the surface on which the photograph is to be taken. This can be achieved through setting the necessary lights, reflectors and any other equipment. Place the major subjects set first; then build the composition by removing or adding the objects until there is achievement of desired